يُثار في الوعي الإسلامي سؤالٌ جوهريّ: لماذا لم يُقدِم أمير المؤمنين علي بن أبي طالب (ع) — وقد استلم زمام الحكم — على استرداد أرض فدك؟
هذا السؤال، عند التدقيق، يكشف عن طبيعةٍ معقّدة للمرحلة التي تولّى فيها الإمام (ع)، وعن نوعيّة الموقع الذي دخل به إلى السلطة، وعن الفارق بين الإمامة الإلهية التي هي شأنٌ ربّاني ثابت، وبين الولاية السياسية التي جاءته بالانتخاب العام بعد مقتل عثمان.
أولًا: الإمام علي بين «إمامة التكليف» و«ولاية المصلحة»
الإمام علي (ع) — في اعتقاد شيعته ونصوص النبي (ص) — هو خليفة الله المنصوص عليه، وإمام الأمة الذي لا يحق لأحدٍ أن ينازعه منصبه.
لكنّ الناس — بعد السقيفة وتتابع الخلفاء — لم يعودوا يرون تلك الحقيقة، ولم يعودوا يتعاملون معه باعتباره الإمام المعصوم الذي عيّنه رسول الله (ص).
فقال لهم عندما بايعوه
> «دَعُوني والتمِسوا غيري، فإني لكم وزيرٌ خيرٌ منّي لكم أمير»
فهذا ليس دليل تردّد، بل دليل وعْيٍ عميقٍ بحقيقة المرحلة.
فالإمام علي (ع) يعرف أن الحكم الذي يريده الناس ليس هو حكم الله
الناس بعد عقود من الانحراف كانوا يريدون
حاكمًا يُشبه من قبله،
عندما قُدّم إليه الحكم بعد مقتل عثمان، لم يدخل بالعنوان الحقيقي لإمامته، بل دخل بوصْفِه «حاكمًا» توافقت عليه الأمة في لحظة اضطراب سياسي. ولذلك قال (ع) صراحة:
> «إن الذين بايعوا أبا بكر وعمر وعثمان بايعوني»
وهو خطاب قاله لمعاوية لا من باب الاعتراف بشرعية من قبله، بل من باب إلزام الطرف الآخر بما ألزم به نفسه.
فلذلك لم يستدل امير المؤمنين عليه السلام على معاوية بحديث الغدير؟
لأن معاوية — سياسيًا — لم يكن يعترف أصلاً بحديث الغدير ولا بسائر النصوص، وكان يُقدّم منطق «الولاية بالبيعة» على منطق النصّ.
ولذلك جادله أمير المؤمنين (ع) ضمن المنظومة التي يعترف بها معاوية:
أي منظومة الحاكم الذي بايعه الناس.
فقال له:
> «إن الناس بايعوني كما بايعوا من قبلي»
محاججةٌ من باب الإلزام السياسي لا من باب الاعتراف بشرعية السابقين.
وان الإمام (ع) كان واضحًا:
النص موجود، والإمامة ثابتة، لكن الأمة لا ترى ذلك، ومعاوية لن يذعن له بحجة دينية، ولكنه يُلزم بمنطق البيعة الذي يزعم الالتزام به،
وكان الإمام يعرف أن الأمة لا تعود بعد ثلاثة عقود إلى الاعتراف بالإمامة الإلهية بقرار سياسي فجائي، ولذلك اختار الولاية من باب المصلحة وحفظ الدين، لا بعنوان الإمامة الربانية التي تُمارس صلاحياتها الكاملة.
هذا الموقف يشبه ما فعله يوسف (ع) حين دخل حكم الملك، لا بعنوان نبوّته التي لا تقبل الشراكة، بل بعنوان «الوزير المصلح» الذي ينقذ الأمة رغم فساد السلطة.
ثانيًا: لماذا لم يسترجع فدك؟
فدك — في حقيقتها — مسألة حقٍّ إلهي ثبت لسيّدة نساء العالمين فاطمة (ع)، واغتصبه القوم.
لكنّ الإمام (ع) واجه — حين تولّى الحكم — مجتمعًا يعتقد بصحة ما فعله الخلفاء الثلاثة، ويرى قضية فدك منتهية بحكم «قضائي سياسي».
ولو استردّها (ع) لأُثيرت فتنة كبرى، ولاتُّهم بأنه ينقض أحكام من قبله، وأنه جاء للانتقام لا لإقامة العدل، وربما أدّى ذلك إلى شقّ الأمة منذ الأيام الأولى.
الإمام (ع) كان يرى أن الأمة، في تلك اللحظة،
لا تحتمل صدمة كهذه، ولا تدرك أن استرجاع فدك ليس قضية مال، بل قضية حق ورسالة.
ولهذا قال (ع):
> «إنّي لأستحيي من الله أن أردّ شيئًا منع منه من كان قبلي»
وهو استحياء سياسة ومصلحة، لا استحياء اعتقاد وشرع.
لهذا السبب قد اناط امير المؤمنين عليه السلام هذه المهمّة إلى الإمام المهدي (ع) .مع أن أمير المؤمنين عليه السلام الإمام المنصوص من الله ورسوله — لكنه لم يُمارِس صلاحيات الإمامة الربانية كاملةً عندما جاءته السلطة، بل مارس ما تتحمله الأمة من ولاية سياسية، لا ما تقتضيه الإمامة الإلهية.
ولهذا السبب الجوهري، لم يُكلَّف عليٌّ (ع) بإجراء التغيير الشامل ولا بتطبيق الحاكمية الإلهية في زمنٍ لم يعد يقبل ذلك، بل أجّل الله هذا المشروع لآخر الزمان على يد وارثه وخليفته: الإمام المهدي (عجل الله فرجه)
الذي يظهر بعنوان «خليفة الله» لا بعنوان «حاكمٍ سياسي».
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